Paraguay pulled off the World Cup's biggest upset after beating Germany 4-3 in penalties after a 1-1 draw, advancing to the tournament's Round of 16 and knocking one of the favourites out.
Julio Enciso scored the first goal of the match for Paraguay in the last minutes of the first half on Monday.
Kai Havertz equalised for the Germans early in the second half. Germany controlled most of the match and wasted chance after chance before reaching extra time.
Both teams went to penalty shootouts after extra time yielded no change to the final results.
Paraguay's Jose Canale scored the decisive spot kick and took his team to the Round of 16.
Jonathan Tah skied Germany's sixth spot kick well over the crossbar after seeing his apparent extra-time winner controversially disallowed, and Paraguay knocked the Germans out of the tournament.
Remarkably, it was Paraguay's first goal in the World Cup knockout stage, having failed to score in their previous five matches, including a 1-0 defeat by Germany in the last 16 in 2002.
Germany, toothless in the first half, brought Leon Goretzka on at the break but almost conceded again when an under-hit backpass from Joshua Kimmich forced Neuer to race out and stop Enciso doubling the lead.
However, they at last breached Paraguay's dogged rearguard when Florian Wirtz cut in from the left and delivered a cross that Havertz glanced into the far corner to ease Germany's nerves.
Paraguay lost Enciso to injury, and with it their main outlet, leading to a growing sense of inevitability that Germany's pressure would eventually tell.
But Orlando Gill reacted sharply to claw away Havertz's header from another Wirtz cross and Paraguay bravely clung on to send the match into extra time.
Tah thought he had put Germany in front with a powerful back-post header from Nathaniel Brown's looping corner, but the goal was disallowed after a VAR review for a foul by Waldemar Anton on the goalkeeper.
Anton headed straight at Gill from another corner, but Paraguay withstood Germany's set-piece barrage and then kept their cool to spring a monumental World Cup upset.
