South Sudan declares 'end of war' as rival leaders form govt

South Sudan opened a new chapter in its fragile emergence from the civil war on Saturday as rival leaders formed a coalition government that many observers prayed would last this time around.

A day after President Salva Kiir dissolved the previous government, opposition leader Riek Machar was sworn in as his deputy, an arrangement that twice collapsed in fighting during the conflict that killed nearly 400,000 people.

Kiir declared, "the official end of the war, and we can now proclaim new dawn." 

Peace is "never to be shaken ever again," the president said, adding that he had forgiven Machar and asking for Machar's forgiveness, to applause. He called on their respective Dinka and Nuer ethnic groups to do the same.

"For the people of South Sudan, I want to assure you that we will work together to end your suffering," Machar said after taking the oath.

Machar embraced and shook hands with Kiir after being sworn in.

Civil war and pressure 

The world's youngest nation slid into civil war in 2013, two years after winning long-fought independence from Sudan, as supporters of Kiir and Machar clashed. 

Numerous attempts at peace failed, including a deal that saw Machar return as vice president in 2016 - only to flee the country on foot months later amid fresh gunfire.

Intense international pressure followed the most recent peace deal in 2018. 

Pope Francis in a dramatic gesture kissed the feet of Kiir and Machar last year to coax them into putting differences aside. 

Saturday's ceremony began with a presentation to them of that photo as a reminder.

Exasperation by the United States, South Sudan’s largest aid donor, and others grew as Kiir and Machar in the past year pushed back two deadlines to take the crucial step of forming the coalition government. 

But with less than a week before the latest deadline Saturday, each made a key concession. 

Kiir announced a “painful” decision on the politically sensitive issue of the number of states, and Machar agreed to have Kiir take responsibility for his security. 

On Thursday, they announced they had agreed to form a government meant to lead to elections in three years’ time - the first vote since independence.

"Finally, peace is at our doorstep," a reporter with the UN-backed Radio Miraya declared from Bor in long-suffering Jonglei state. In Yambio, youth with flags were reported in the streets. 

"I rejoice with the South Sudanese, especially the displaced, hungry and grieving who waited so long," the archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, tweeted.

Hugs and applause followed Machar's swearing-in. 

Challenges ahead 

Even as citizens breathed a careful sigh of relief, aid groups, analysts and diplomats warned of major challenges ahead. In a likely sign of caution, no heads of state aside from Sudan’s leader, General Abdel-Fattah Burhan, attended the swearing-in.

"While much work remains to be done, this is an important milestone in the path to peace," the US Embassy said in a message of congratulations.

Tens of thousands of rival forces still must be knitted together into a single army, a process that the UN and others have called behind schedule and poorly provisioned.

And observers have stressed that this new government must be inclusive in a country where fighting has often occurred along ethnic lines and where several armed groups operate. Not all have signed on to the peace deal.

Kiir and Machar have said outstanding issues will be negotiated under the new government.

Other vice presidents named by Kiir on Friday include Taban Deng Gai, a former ally of Machar who switched to the government side and last month was sanctioned by the US over involvement in serious human rights abuses. 

Another is Rebecca Garang, the widow of John Garang, who led a long fight for independence from Sudan.

The humanitarian community, which has seen more than 100 workers killed since the civil war began, hopes the new government will lead to far easier delivery of food and other badly needed support as roughly half of South Sudan’s population of 12 million remain hungry. 

Some 40,000 are in famine conditions, a new report said Thursday, and now a major locust outbreak in East Africa has arrived.

Another more than 2 million people fled South Sudan during the civil war, and Kiir has urged them to come home.

Abuses and accountability 

The UN Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan warns that serious abuses continue. 

"Today in South Sudan, civilians are deliberately starved, systematically surveilled and silenced, arbitrarily arrested and detained and denied meaningful access to justice," its latest report said on Thursday. 

It noted that scattered deadly violence, the use of child soldiers, repression and sexual violence imperil the fragile peace.

The Sentry, an investigative team that has alleged corruption among some South Sudanese officials, urged the international community to keep up the pressure.

"Years of conflict have bred deep distrust among South Sudan’s politicians, heightening the potential for a return to civil war," it said on Friday. "The ability to hold South Sudan's politicians accountable throughout the process, rather than waiting until it is too late, is essential to the survival of the peace agreement."