Argentina, 1896

In ‘The Jewish State’, Theodor Herzl, the founder of political Zionism, proposed Palestine and Argentina as possible locations for a Jewish state, citing Argentina’s fertile land and Palestine’s historical significance to Jews.

Cyprus, 1901–1902

Herzl and other Zionist leaders explored establishing a Jewish settlement in then British-controlled Cyprus, but the idea never became an approved proposal.

Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula, 1902–1903

Herzl negotiated with British authorities to establish a settlement near El Arish. The plan depended on Nile water but failed to win Egyptian approval.

British East Africa, 1903

British Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain proposed territory in present-day Kenya. The Zionist Congress agreed to study the “Uganda Scheme”, but rejected it in 1905 after fierce divisions.

Angola, 1907–1913

The Jewish Territorialist Organisation, led by Israel Zangwill, explored alternatives to Palestine. Angola, then a Portuguese colony, was considered but the plan never materialised.

Palestine, 1947

UN Resolution 181 proposed dividing then British-ruled Palestine into Arab and Jewish states, with Jerusalem under international administration. Zionist leaders accepted the plan, while Palestinian Arab leaders and Arab states rejected it. Israel was declared a state in 1948.